2024 Author: Harold Hamphrey | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 10:06
The settlement of the territory, which currently belongs to the inhabitants of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Chuvash Republic, began about 100,000 years ago, in the Paleolithic era. At the end of the 9th century and at the beginning of the 10th century, the first feudal state arose here - the Volga Bulgaria. For quite a long time it was the only developed state in the territory of the extreme East of Europe. Presumably, the Bulgars were the earliest Turkic group, which during the Great Migration of Peoples was among those who advanced to Europe.
Persian and Arab geographers considered Volga Bulgaria to be the northernmost Muslim country in the world. The date of adoption of Islam in this country is considered to be 922. It was then that the caliph of Baghdad sent a group of the future embassy to the city of Bolgar, which included builders and preachers of Islam. Due to the fact that the state was constantly pressed by the mightyneighbor, the Khazar Khaganate, the king of Bulgaria Almush was forced to convert to Islam and become a loyal subject of Caliph Bogdad. Thus, he was able to strengthen the defense of his country, becoming an ally of the Arab Caliphate. But there were also Bulgars who refused to accept Islam. This group, led by Prince Vyrag, separated. This gave impetus to the emergence of the Chuvash nation. Later, the people adopted Christianity and became the only Orthodox Turkic people.
During its development, the Volga Bulgaria has achieved a lot. According to a written source of that period, this state was called the country of a thousand cities. Bilyar and Bolgar were considered the largest cities, which, in terms of their area and population, surpassed such cities of that time as London, Kyiv, Paris, Novgorod. So, for example, Bolgar was three times larger than Paris. In its central part towered the royal palace and the Cathedral Mosque. Already at that time, baths with tap water were built in the city. The residential buildings had heating and sewerage. In addition to the above, the state was also called the country of reason. And these are not empty words. Such sciences as medicine, history, astronomy, and mathematics have achieved great development here.
The Volga Bulgaria reached its peak during the reign of Emir Gabdulla Chelbir. During this period, the Bulgars were quite strong in the art of war. This confirms the fact that the Volga Bulgars are the only people who were able to defeat the troops of Genghis Khan in 1223. After that, the Mongols 13 years unsuccessfullystormed the Bulgarian state. Only in 1229, having gathered all their forces at the Yaik (Ural) River, the Mongols were able to defeat the Bulgars and Polovtsy and began to rapidly move across the territory of the state, and in 1936 it was completely ruined. Part of the Bulgars fled and found protection from the Grand Prince of Vladimir.
Already in 1240, the Bulgar state became part of the Golden Horde. For a long time there were mass uprisings of the Bulgars. According to Khudyakov M. G., the looting of the capital - the city of Bolgar - and the transfer of the cultural and political center to Kazan put an end to hopes for the return of the former state. The Kazan Khanate is now firmly entrenched in these lands. The remaining indigenous people had to adapt to the new authorities. Gradually, the creation of mixed families of the Bulgars-Tatars took place, however, all newborn children were considered Tatars. There was, so to speak, the "eradication" of such a nationality as the Bulgars, and the emergence of a new one - the Volga Tatars.
As for the Bulgar language, it just died. Many scholars tried to find in the modern Tatar language at least a few words close to the Bulgar origin. However, here it is necessary to take into account one more nationality - the Chuvash. If you remember, this is precisely the part of the Turkic group that did not accept Islam and separated. It is they who speak the archaic Turkic language, which is unlike any other language. And when comparing the ancient chronicles of the Volga Bulgars and the Chuvash language, you can find many identical words. In a word, the Chuvash language is as close as possible toBulgarian.
Recommended:
Zoological Museum of Moscow State University. Zoological Museum of Moscow State University on Bolshaya Nikitskaya: excursions, prices, reviews
There are hundreds of museums in Moscow. Among them are the oldest, famous, included in the top ten in various indicators in the world. This is the Zoological Museum of Moscow State University. Lomonosov. He was 215 years old, he survived the invasion of Napoleon and the fire of Moscow, in which he was almost completely destroyed. Using a stereotyped comparison with the Phoenix bird, we can say that he was reborn from the ashes: the frame became even more beautiful, and the content became richer and more informative
Republic of Bulgaria: sights, their photos. Tours to Bulgaria: prices, reviews
The Republic of Bulgaria is located in the east of the Balkan Peninsula. It has become a favorite holiday destination for tourists from different countries. The country is known not only for its beautiful beach and ski resorts, but also for a huge number of natural, cultural and historical monuments
Bulgaria, Varna. City of Varna, Bulgaria
In the east of the Balkans, washed by the gentle waters of the Black Sea, is sunny Bulgaria. The coast of this country, its gorgeous beaches with golden sand have always attracted tourists from all over the world
Volga-B altic Canal. Cruises on the Volga-B altic Canal
The lake-forest region of the European part of Russia, remote from megacities and industrial giants, seems to be created for travel and recreation. Ladoga and Onega are not the only natural pearls in the "necklace" of the Volga-B alt. White Lake, reservoirs contribute to maintaining the image of a popular recreational area. On the shores there are convenient boat piers, parking lots, cafes, playgrounds and gazebos for recreation
Bulgaria, the beach: the best place to relax. Overview of the best beaches in Bulgaria
You can bask under the summer rays, dive into a transparent wave by going to the popular beaches of Sunny Beach. Bulgaria is known for them all over the world