In a social society, every adult he althy person is engaged in labor activity. The performance of each directly depends on good he alth, so timely rest is necessary for any person. The Labor Code guarantees us rest during the holidays. What is rest? This is a process that restores mental and physical performance, as well as mental and moral strength of a person. Tourism is a journey, the purpose of which can be educational, he alth-improving, religious, sports directions. In recent decades, outbound tourism has developed rapidly, allowing tourists to travel abroad. Tourism, in addition to social orientation, has an important economic component.
Technology, tourism classification
The economic efficiency of tourism is largely determined by the classification of its forms. Classification is a grouping according to similar, homogeneous characteristics, which depend oncertain goals. Each form is characterized by the specific needs of tourists, a certain set of services that will satisfy these needs. Production and service process includes:
- type of tourism;
- form of tourism;
- a kind of tourism.
The form of tourism is based on a country feature, that is, whether a tourist crosses the border or not. On this basis, two main forms are distinguished: international (inbound, outbound) and domestic tourism.
Domestic tourism is a domestic destination, travel within the country, within the Russian Federation of persons who permanently reside here. In turn, he can be social and amateur. Usually, each country is interested in the development of domestic tourism, since in this case, foreign exchange resources remain within the state, this stimulates the economy.
International tourism is otherwise called foreign, that is, it is the departure or entry into another country. A feature of outbound tourism is the departure of citizens of the Russian Federation abroad. Inbound tourism is a journey of persons in our country who do not permanently reside in the territory of the Russian Federation. Those firms that are engaged in inbound tourism are called host (receptive) firms. Russia is a huge country with great potential for tourism development. Unfortunately, our tourism resources are not fully utilized.
The development of international tourism is influenced by many factors, they can be divided into three main groups: social, economic and demographic.
Tourist business in Russia
In the global economy, the tourism business is one of the fastest growing industries. The development of tourism affects the development of the economic situation of each individual country. World practice shows that in terms of profitability, the tourism business is in second place after the oil industry.
In Russia, it is especially important to develop tourism, because this industry is favorable for the growth of small businesses. Significant allocations are not required here, but there is a prospect of attracting foreign investment on a large scale. Today, the tourism industry in Russia is in an unstable position, more often in shadow relations both with the state and with participants in the tourism market.
The state loses billions by refusing to support the development of inbound, outbound and domestic tourism, in addition, thousands of jobs are lost.
However, tourism is developing and is one of the main types of business. Russia occupies an advantageous position, it is part of the European and Asian continents. This fact preserves its originality, attracts tourists from all over the world. Many foreigners today tend to visit our country and see the interpenetration of Asian and European culture. Although tourist activity is gradually increasing, this type of business still has little effect on the country's economy. We own only 1% of the share of the world tourist flow. Whereas in some countries the share of tourism reaches 15 or even 50%.
Tourist business in Russia relies more on the development of outboundtourism. The bulk of tour operators are engaged in sending our citizens abroad. Only a few work to attract tourists to us in Russia. However, in recent years, this trend has begun to change, inbound tourism has begun to develop more actively.
International Outbound Tourism
In international tourism, travelers leave the country of permanent residence, this type of tourism has its own characteristics:
- departure paperwork required;
- there is a currency exchange restriction;
- when leaving and entering tourists are subject to taxes, duties, fees;
- the need for a medical examination, the provision of assistance to tourists is necessarily included in outbound tourism services.
All these items are an indispensable part of international tourism. Differences in monetary units to some extent affect the freedom of movement of tourists, as well as language barriers. This is the main difference between international tourism and domestic tourism.
The economic feature of international tourism is that it affects the country's cash balances. Foreign tourists, carrying out monetary transactions in the host country, activate the foreign exchange balance, therefore, inbound tourism is called active (it attracts finance to the state). Outbound tourism involves the outflow of monetary currency from the country, so it is called passive. The division into active and passive occurs only in international tourism.
The concept of international, national tourism is represented within the country by four levels: inplanetary scale (global), group of countries (regional), country, local (in a separate region of the country).
Goals of outbound tourism
There is a classification of tourism, where the purpose of travel is taken as the basis. Here the opinions of researchers differ. Most are of the opinion that outbound tourism is either entertainment and leisure or business purposes.
Travel for fun and relaxation. This is the main basis of international tourism. Here cognitive, entertaining, he alth-improving, sports, amateur and other trips for the purpose of recreation are combined. According to statistics and observations, it can be judged that travel to warm countries to the sun and the sea is in high demand among tourists. Any vacation also implies the development of horizons, the knowledge of something new, familiarization with the sights, cultural values of the host countries. Thanks to the development of international tourism, people get the opportunity to personally get acquainted with the culture and population of another country, so ideas about other aspects of life are formed. Educational tourism is on a large scale, researchers put it among the leading sub-sectors, on a par with sports and he alth.
Business tourism. People travel for official purposes without receiving income from the place of business trip. Business tourism covers a variety of trips to congresses, conferences, meetings, scientific congresses, exhibitions, fairs, production seminars. Business travelers include commercial agents, drivers,tourist guides, flight attendants who, due to the needs of their professions, constantly travel outside their country of residence.
Economic benefit
Inbound and outbound tourism have different economic benefits for the country. Inbound tourism (active), as mentioned above, is much more profitable for the state's economy. A foreign tourist, visiting the host country, imports currency. At the same time, the state budget is replenished. In addition, the number of vacancies for workers in the tourism industry is increasing. This has a positive effect on the employment of the population, including the payment of taxes to the budget, and also raises the general standard of living of the population.
Outbound tourism of the Russian Federation in this regard will be less profitable for the state. This is due to the export of currency abroad. Income in the economy will appear only from taxes paid by travel companies that send tourists on a trip. New jobs will be given only to employees of a particular tourism organization, in the field of transportation, dispatch. On the other hand, with mass domestic and outbound tourism, the state receives a considerable income. For example, in Hungary almost every citizen travels twice a year. In our country, only two percent of the population can afford to travel abroad. This is due, of course, to the low income of the population. However, recently outbound tourism in Russia has been developing more and more, as evidenced by statistical data on the growth in the number of trips abroad. As before, Russians prefer inexpensive resorts,where the warm climate favors relaxation.
International tourism is a relationship booster
From the practice of international relations it is clear that at all stages of development, international tourism is a factor contributing to the warming of relations between peoples and states, strengthening friendship and peace. There is also an incentive for the development of cultural, trade, foreign economic relations, and general international cooperation.
Main goals of international tourism:
- Building trust and positive relationships between countries through tourism ties.
- Development of trade and economically mutually beneficial relations.
- Expansion of contacts, connections along the lines of cultural, scientific and technical organizations and individuals.
- Creating mutually beneficial conditions for the exchange of tourists. Organization of technical data exchange, development of standards, facilitation of formalities, outbound tourism technologies.
International tourism cooperation has two main forms: bilateral agreements and multilateral agreements. To date, the practice of signing such agreements remains in force. Implementation control is entrusted to the national tourism administrations. Representatives meet regularly, sum up the results and plan work for the next year. The objectives and goals of such tourism organizations are:
- definitions in the directions of modern tourism;
- assistance to member countries of these organizations in the development and promotion of tourism;
- environmental tasksEnvironmental Protection Agency;
- preservation of culture, heritage;
- preservation of peace and mutual understanding between countries.
In general, today there are about two hundred international organizations that have different statuses and profiles and deal with the development of international national tourism.
Organization of international tourism
Organization of outbound tourism involves such relations between consumers (tourists) and implementers (service providers), when the latter, cooperating with transport, insurance companies, banks, provide the consumer with international tourism services. The main units in the organization in the tourism market are travel companies and travel agencies.
Travel agencies are retail firms. They play an intermediary role between clients and tour operators. Travel agencies carry out the organization of tours that the travel agency offers them, they also provide individual services by establishing links with tour agencies, hotel and transport companies. Tours are sold here at the prices of the tour operator, while the agencies receive their commissions. For individual services, the travel agency receives its own markup percentage, which they set themselves. Most travel agencies operate under the supervision of large travel agencies, influential airlines, trade and hotel corporations. Travel agency activities should be carried out with a license by a legal entity or a travel agent (individualentrepreneur).
Tour operator firms carry out the organization of outbound tourism, being an intermediary between travel agents and large tourism enterprises. They can sell tours themselves or with the help of travel agencies. The organization of trips by tour operators implies their relationship with transport, catering, accommodation, tour agencies and cultural institutions. Tour operators can rent hotels, buses, planes on a contract basis. They provide maximum occupancy and receive significant discounts. Tour operator firms carry out their activities on the basis of a license obtained by a legal entity or a tour operator (individual entrepreneur).
Geography of outbound tourism
Destinations of outbound tourism in Russia are quite diverse. The tourist market offers to go anywhere in the world. The most popular tours among Russians have always been considered southern destinations, where the sun and the sea (Egypt, Turkey, Thailand, Bali, Goa). Due to political instability, the demand for Turkey and Egypt has fallen sharply, because of which the economies of these countries have suffered greatly. But now the direction in that direction is gaining momentum again. Where else do tourists like to relax? According to the statistics of tour operators, the most popular destinations in 2016 were as follows:
- Slovenia. The UNESCO World Heritage List includes three attractions that Slovenia is famous for. They are worth seeing. Škocjan Caves: here naturalbridges, various stalagmites, windows. Piled prehistoric settlements in the Alps: to the surprise of tourists, the wood taken for construction has been preserved here in exceptional condition. Former mercury mines, located in Idrija.
- Iran. The country has emerged from international isolation and is now ready for a "tsunami" of tourists. Mosques and palaces of Isfahan attract attention here. It is curious to visit the Imam Mosque, the acoustics here are amazing, you can hear what the person in the other corner is whispering. The 17th-century Chehel Stone Palace with forty columns is decorated with rich frescoes.
- Romania. It attracts tourists who appreciate a calm, measured rest: a variety of vast landscapes, a huge number of churches, castles. You can wander around the castle of Dracula in Transylvania, go down to the s alt mine in Turda, take a walk in the Bucharest Botanical Garden.
- Cambodia is famous for its ancient temples that have retained their beauty. What is the Royal Palace in Phnom Penh. In the same city, the National Museum has collected more than 14 thousand exhibits, some of them hundreds and thousands of years old.
- Belgium. Every tourist here must visit the Chocolate Museum in Brussels, where he sees with his own eyes the transformation of the sweet mass into the famous Brussels shells. It is also worth going on an excursion to Bruges to the brewing museum.
- Canada and Japan for those who prefer long-distance outbound tourism. In Canada, you can relax in the famous resorts of Vancouver. Every tourist who is waiting for unusual experiences strives to get to Japan. Scientific innovation can be seen at the Museum of the Future inTokyo, art lovers must visit the Tokyo theater.
For those who are thinking about traveling to neighboring countries, experienced tourists are advised to go to Georgia, Moldova, Lithuania.
Security basics. Preparing for departure
Safety of outbound tourism is the concern of any travel company. Every tourist must take out insurance for any unforeseen event that may occur in a foreign country. But remember that before you go abroad, prepare yourself, learn the basics of safety.
Your safety begins at home - in preparation for the journey. Carefully study the country you intend to visit, read reviews, take an interest in the opinion of compatriots, look at the ratings in which the country is included, find out all the contacts of embassies and consulates.
Be sure to insure yourself. Outbound tourism organized by a tour operator necessarily implies insurance. But if you're driving on your own, don't forget about insurance.
Make photocopies of your main documents and maps and hand them over to relatives or friends for storage, tell them all the coordinates where you will rest, how to get there. In unforeseen cases, you can get the necessary information from them.
For upcoming flights, be sure to study the maps of airports and terminal locations on the Internet. You can print it out and take it with you.
Form a first aid kit. The drugs are divided into two groups. The first is the means that you use constantly. Please note if they contain narcotic substances,you need to get a doctor's note. Remember that many medicines in another country can cost several times more, so stock up at home. The second group - drugs for food poisoning, painkillers, enzymes, for traveler's diarrhea.
Security in host country
Outbound tourism has its own security specifics. What do you need to prepare for when leaving for another country? The smallest probability that you will become a victim of any violence, a serious crime. According to international statistics, 99.9% of crimes against tourists are fraud for profit, petty theft. If there is a fight, unrest in the street or even a political coup, no one will touch a foreign tourist. You are even safer here than the natives. The law is strict in this regard. First of all, think here about economic security. The main threat is theft. The basic principle of safety is how you dress and look. Choose outfits that are similar to those worn in the area, do not stand out from the crowd, do not show yourself as a rich tourist, do not overspend, do not wear expensive jewelry, in short, keep it simple.
Do not think that the more civilized the country, the less rampant crime there. Not at all. A tourist can be robbed not only in Kingston, Jamaica or in Cape Town, South Africa. Such large cities as Athens, Rome, Washington are also dangerous in these cases. Remember that the larger and more popular the city, the more pickpockets there are. Classical law: crime alwayshigher where there are more people.
The hotel should be chosen according to the principle "the less the better". In small establishments, the staff will remember you faster, here it is less likely that strangers from the street will come here. Stop at establishments on busy streets to keep the lights on in the evening. Rich neighborhoods are usually safer than poor neighborhoods. Documents must be kept strictly confidential. Outsiders should not know for how long, in which room you have settled. In reputable hotels, the key is issued in an envelope on which your room number is already written, it is not indicated on the tag. So in case of loss of the key, an outsider will not be able to enter your room.
Follow all precautions, and your holiday will not be overshadowed by unpleasant incidents.
